Elemental Composition of Cast Copies of Denarii and Related Production Waste from Ukraine Determined Using PIXE and XRF Methods

The article discusses the results yielded by Particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyses made between 2019 and 2021 of cast copies of Roman denarii and waste from their production recovered in Ukraine. Despite significant differences of methodology these results may in general be regarded as comparable. Attention is drawn in particular to the relative homogeneity of the elemental composition of copper-tin alloys of the finished coins.